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The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP; ) is the central bank of Pakistan. While its constitution, as originally laid down in the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, remained basically unchanged until January 1, 1974, when the bank was nationalized, the scope of its functions was considerably enlarged. The State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956,〔http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1302514100_374.pdf〕 with subsequent amendments, forms the basis of its operations today. The headquarters are located in the financial capital of Pakistan, Karachi with branch offices in 15 cities across Pakistan, including the capital city, Islamabad and the four provincial capitals. == History == Before independence on 14 August 1947, during British colonial regime the Reserve Bank of India was the central bank for both India and Pakistan. On 30 December 1948 the British Government's commission distributed the Reserve Bank of India's reserves between Pakistan and India -30 percent (750 M gold) for Pakistan and 70 percent for India. The losses incurred in the transition to independence, small amount taken from Pakistan's share (a total of 230 million). In May, 1948 Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Founder of Pakistan) took steps to establish the State Bank of Pakistan immediately. These were implemented in June 1948, and the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operation on July 1, 1948 Under the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, the state bank of Pakistan was charged with the duty to "regulate the issue of bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in Pakistan and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage". A large section of the state bank's duties were widened when the State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956 was introduced. It required the state bank to "regulate the monetary and credit system of Pakistan and to foster its growth in the best national interest with a view to securing monetary stability and fuller utilisation of the country’s productive resources". In February 1994, the State Bank was given full autonomy, during the financial sector reforms. On January 21, 1997, this autonomy was further strengthened when the government issued three Amendment Ordinances (which were approved by the Parliament in May 1997). Those included were the State Bank of Pakistan Act, 1956, Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 and Banks Nationalization Act, 1974. These changes gave full and exclusive authority to the State Bank to regulate the banking sector, to conduct an independent monetary policy and to set limit on government borrowings from the State Bank of Pakistan. The amendments to the Banks Nationalization Act brought the end of the Pakistan Banking Council (an institution established to look after the affairs of NCBs) and allowed the (jobs ) of the council to be appointed to the Chief Executives, Boards of the Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) and Development Finance Institutions (DFIs). The State Bank having a role in their appointment and removal. The amendments also increased the autonomy and accountability of the chief executives, the Boards of Directors of banks and DFIs. The State Bank of Pakistan also performs both the traditional and developmental functions to achieve macroeconomic goals. The traditional functions, may be classified into two groups: 1) The primary functions including issue of notes, regulation and supervision of the financial system, bankers’ bank, lender of the last resort, banker to Government, and conduct of monetary policy. 2) The secondary functions including the agency functions like management of public debt, management of foreign exchange, etc., and other functions like advising the government on policy matters and maintaining close relationships with international financial institutions. The non-traditional or promotional functions, performed by the State Bank include development of financial framework, institutionalization of savings and investment, provision of training facilities to bankers, and provision of credit to priority sectors. The State Bank also has been playing an active part in the process of islamization of the banking system. The Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the (Alliance for Financial Inclusion ). It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico. Origins http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/history/Origins.pdf At the time of Partition, the new state was without a central bank and a proper banking system was almost non-existent. Most of the banks had their head offices in India. Out of 3,496 branches of the scheduled banks, only 631 were situated in Pakistan. To complete the picture of misery, the entire banking structure was dominated by Hindus. With the announcement of the Partition Plan of June 3, 1947, the Hindu started to withdraw their deposits from the banks located in Pakistan. As a result, many banks had to close down their operations. Since Pakistan had no central bank of its own, it was decided to assign the monetary operations of the new state to the Reserve Bank of India for a period of one year (till September 30, 1948). However, it was soon realized that if this situation continued for too long, the country’s interests would be hurt. Accordingly, the State Bank of Pakistan Order was issued on May 12, 1948 and Pakistan (Monetary System and Reserve Bank) Order, 1947 was amended according to which the Reserve Bank of India was to stop functioning in Pakistan on June 30, 1948, with the new central bank taking over on the next day. At the time of its formation, the State Bank of Pakistan neither had any building for housing its offices nor was there sufficient time for purchase and construction of new premises. Therefore, Victoria Museum Building at the Ingle Road was rented from the Karachi Municipal Corporation and swiftly refurbished. The Bank was inaugurated on July 1, 1948 by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who thus observed on the guiding principles of the newly-created central bank: “I need hardly dilate on the important role that the State Bank will have to play in regulating the economic life of our country. The monetary policy of the bank will have a direct bearing on our trade and commerce, both inside Pakistan as well as with the outside world and it is only to be desired that your policy should encourage maximum production and a free flow of trade.” 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「State Bank of Pakistan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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